The Mughals Who Ruled India From 1526-1858, Emerged As...

The Mughals who ruled India from 1526-1858, emerged as great patrons of architecture. Mughal architectural is a great historical source as it reflects on imperial ideology of the time. The Mughals drew upon various architectural traditions- indigenous Indian traditions, Indo Islamic architecture form the Sultanate period, Persian traditions, European traditions and introduced their own Timurid traditions of Central Asia. Right from Babur to Aurangzeb, architecture was used to assert power and seek legitimacy by the Mughals. Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, coming from the lush lands of Ferghana and being constantly on the move in India, mainly laid out gardens in Hindustan instead of large buildings. Yearning for the gardens of his homeland, Babur introduced a new Timurid garden- the charbagh into India, impacting subsequent Mughal architecture profoundly. The Charbagh was a symmetrical terraced garden divided into four equal parts by water channels and raised pathways, dotted with fountains, pavilions and trees. Catherine Ascher says upon establishing his capital at Agar he laid out a charbagh called Hast Behisht or Garden of Eight Paradises, on the banks of the Yamuna. His memoirs record that this served as his main residence and court. The garden from its name, its flowing water and fruit trees, was meant to reflect eight levels of paradise on earth, in which Babur resided. He also laid out a ‘Garden of Victory’ near Fathepur

The Tragedy Of Odysseus And The Odyssey - 951 Words

People in ancient Greece, like many modern religious individuals, blame their misfortune on their gods. Unlike modern theology, though, Greeks also have Fate to blame. The gods and Fates both work together and against each other to control human lives in Greek literature. The Fates’ prophecies set outlines for human lives, like when they survive, who they kill, and how they die. The gods have the power to effect all other aspects of human lives. Humans can, in some ways, reject the attention of the gods. In The Odyssey, Odysseus deals with all three in order to return home. The cause of Odysseus’ decade long journey home from Troy cannot be narrowed down to one entity; instead, it is caused by a complex combination of the gods’ meddling, the fate’s predictions, and humans’ free will. The Fates, gods, and humans in The Odyssey each have a certain role in Odysseus’ problems. In ancient Greece, the Fates are three immortal women who spun every h umans’ future. Their prophecies were unavoidable and gods were not allowed to interfere, although they may have the power to. Instead, the gods delay or quicken the Fates’ decisions. They set events into motion, prevent something from happening, or even effect other deities’ actions to change mortal’s lives. Humans, however, seem to have more power over their lives than the gods. They can accept or reject the deities help and even affect the gods’ actions. They are trapped by their destiny, though; every decision they make is inShow MoreRelatedHistory, Symbolism, and Characters in Homer’s The Odyssey 1118 Words   |  5 Pages In The Odyssey, it takes Odysseus twenty years to make it home from the Trojan War. On his journey home, he runs into many obstacles and creatures that he must overcome. He encounters the sirens, the Cyclops, and others. Each event in this epic poem has a symbolic meaning behind it. Homer writes about the history, symbolism, and the characters in The Odyssey. 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During the first day of our staying Free Essays

Once upon a time my friends and I went on a hike. The company consisted only of the closest people. We chose a picturesque place with a lake and a forest nearby and intended to make our hike a perfect one. We will write a custom essay sample on During the first day of our staying or any similar topic only for you Order Now We dreamt about great weather and our dreams came true. During the first day of our staying there we took much photos, gathered berries and flowers. On the second day there we decided to change the place and to put up the tents somewhere else. So we moved closer to the lake, but chose a somewhat higher level, so that to reach the lake one should go down a path lying not far from our camping place. So the girls crawled into the tent while the guys occupied themselves with gathering twigs for a fire. I went to help them too. The girls began fooling around. As they later told us, suddenly they discovered that they moved a little bit with the tent. Then they moved more†¦ and more†¦ And then not just moved, but fell into the lake from a rather high and steep slope. They began screaming, crying for help, and shouting that much that we threw away the twigs and ran to them. Frightened and worried, we didn’t know what to do. Luckily enough, the trees held our tent and it stayed dry, so unlike the girls. Wet and scared, they got out of the lake and came back. That curious story didn’t end, though. When we wanted to fix the tent back, we noticed a nest of snakes covered with leaves on the ex-place of tent. I can hardly call us surprised in that situation. Thanking our destiny for helping us out, we moved to a more secure place. Carefully examined it, we put up there. I guess I can call that hike the most unforgettable thing in my life. I could never imagine that anything of the kind would happen to me†¦    How to cite During the first day of our staying, Papers

Challenging The Versatility Tesla Turbine -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Challenging The Versatility Tesla Turbine? Answer: Introduction A turbine is set of parallel discs on a uniaxial shaft, in housed by casing and rotating at very high speed device. The patent right of this simple but effective device goes to Nikola tesla, who invented and given its own name to this turbine in 1913. This device is being used in modern estates to generate electrical power. Most of the business entities use electricity in carrying out its core activities. It took him much time to successfully invent this machine as it involved various tests globally to arrive at an effective project. Use of no blades in rotating of the engine was one of the most unique things invented by Nikola. This is because people believed that a machine can only move through the aid of blades at the centre which was contrary to Tesla`s thought. Tesla turbine has undergone changes over years and this has been just to make sure its efficiency is also improved (Gingery, 2014). The main feature of this machine is that it is purely made of disks that dont use blades to generate power. When the internal motion is high, effect of wear and tear is reduced hence increasing its efficiency. Another key factor that increases efficiency is the manner in which it was constructed. It is light in nature hence high efficiency. The basic function includes that, fluid pulls itself forcefully through viscosity and adhesion of the surface layer of the fluid. When the fluid declines and adds force to the disks, it curves into the middle exhaust and since the rotary part of the machine has got no outlets, it is strongly built. For this machine to work more perfect, the speed of disk rotation at the centre must be high. High motion generates more power hence increase in its efficiency. The intensity of temperature also contributes a great deal when looking at its functioning capabilities(Churai, 2015). Description and property of components In general the material used in making parts of tesla turbines comes under AISI 4140 steel material; the chemical composition generally contained in this steel is chromium 1%, molybdenum 0.8 % that is why its material has high tensile property, the youngs modulus of this material is about 220 GPa, density is found as 7852 kg/m3, Poisson ration is equal as 0.29, thermal expansion is considered as 13.7 x 10-6. Thermal conductivity comes around 42 W/moK. Before going to main parts as a disc, first we will introduce the parts used in this device. Housing ring with nozzle It is one of the main components used in tesla motors; the purpose of this component is to control the direction of flow from entry of the fluid to exit of the fluid. It also encloses the disc and maintains pressure around it. Disk is also the main component in tesla turbine. The disk is mounted on the shaft and covered with casing, the steam is directly send to the circumference of the disk and passing through the spaces between disks and goes to the centre of the disk, to the exhaust, the disc starts to rotate due to viscous force of the fluid. This is the main function for the disk(Dave, 2016). Design consideration of Disc. For design consideration purpose, we have to start from basic principle of fluid mechanics which is generally used in this kind of rotary equipment. This also describes that what are the important parameters used in design consideration of the disk. Angular velocity of disk As we know that, it is the rate of change of angular motion, but for the case of Tesla turbine, the maximum angular velocity without giving the plastic deformation to any component to Tesla motors can be given as by the following equation, where each of the term used in this equation has their own general meaning. Where y is the yield stress, FS is the factor of safety For the case of aluminium disk, after calculation, the maximum safe rotational speed is coming as 3616 rad/s or 34500 rotations per minute(Guha, 2009). Exhaust design- The placement of exhaust holes from disk to disc is also an important parameter in for disk consideration, the approach for exhaust design approached by disk pack are given by two different researchers which prevalent now a day, the first one is itself from Nicola Tesla in 1913. The original design of this component is like that holes are placed in the disk which is near to the side casing, the other disk in between them is kept without hole. The main advantage of this disk is simplification during assembly. The disk spacer is not causing any hindrance to the flow, but problem is it decreases the duration of flow contact with the disk. An efficient Tesla turbine needs close spacing of the disks; the disks must be very thin as well as being extremely smooth. The disks should thin just to prevent pulling along the surface and violent movement at the disk edges. They should be extremely smooth just to minimize surface and shear losses. Another design suggest that exhaust is being central where the disk are mounted to a hub, I this condition the role of shaft is negligible to the flow, in this condition the flow of exhaust is less haunted by zigzag path of flow, the further turbulent motion is taken care by giving spacer between the disk and current in large purposes it is being used (Rice 1991). This design is also accepted by Hoya and Guhas design, in spite of the this various designed discovered by other researchers which is tabulated below, but most widely used design is design given by Rice Researcher ro T1 Disc Spacing Speed Efficiency Race (1991) 88.9 33.5 9 1.6 11800 23.2 Lemma (2008) 25 5.95 6 n/a 96000 20 Emirian (2011) 18.8 17 4 n/a 50000 n/a Peshlakai (2012) 75 34.5 12 1.3 n/a 31 Romanian (2012) 36.5 18 10 1.2 n/a 16.3 Romanian (2012) 5 1 4 0.5 n/a 13.7 Guha (2009) 46 12.5 8 0.2 25000 26 The given tesla motor for our assignment is comparatively small, in this condition we, can consider it for high speed disk. As we know that, the disk given in the turbine is having tendency to acquire the speed of the fluid, if mechanically we can think that if number of disk is increased, this will provide more power to output. The efficiency of Tesla turbine can also be improved by putting stationary disks between the rotating disks. Steam turbines get their energy through expansion and once the steam hits the outer perimeter of the disk and transfers little energy of momentum the steam will continue to expand in between the disks. This results into a lot of energy being wasted since the disks are stationery with respect to each other that expansion transfers no momentum to the disks. The expanding disk therefore needs something to push against to transfer energy of rotation to the disk and this can be provided by a stationery disk next to it. Considering the shape of a real steam turbine, there are sets of stationery blades between the sets of spinning blades. They give the expanding steam a place to p ush against to transfer force to the next set of rotating blades. A set of stationery disks would do that for the Tesla turbine(Cheney, 2012). But there is certain relation which, set the relation between number of disk and its efficiency. The requirement of total number of disk in a tesla motor can be calculated as follows: - Suppose for given tesla motor, the circumference and Reynolds number of fluid is quite less than 2280, then it this condition. Mass flow rate can be given as The total mass flow rate can be written as mT or, ..(i) n indicates the no of gap between the disk, then Reynolds no (ii From equation (i) and equation (ii) we, can derive the following equation The given equation suggests that n is the number of gap between the disk, in this condition the In this condition we can conclude that for lower Reynolds number we must increase number of disk. Similarly, performance of the disk also given by the formula where K depends on ration s/R and /R and it is dimension less(Joo Batista, 2015) The material used in Tesla turbine especially disk material had their own challenges and limitations that hindered them from effective functioning. These disadvantages made marketing of the equipment difficult and more advances had to be done. It will be more effective and relevant to look at some of the barriers of Tesla turbine materials before specifying its alterations(Cheney, 2012). The rate at which fluids flows will be more as compared to the previous speed at which fluids pumped in, Secondly, is through making of obsolete use of blades in generating of power. When the turbines are bladeless, costs related to their maintenance lowers by a greater percentage. It makes all activities cheaper including maintenance. All that is required is elevation of turbines higher for full access to flowing wind in the environment. Once that is done, a source of power for instance a generator can be installed at the bottom of the post that will help in maintenance of the turbines. (Stevens, 2013) This reduces the monotony of a person climbing on the posts at intervals. Protection of these elevated turbines in an enclosed place prevents harmful conducts with air based creatures like birds. Thirdly, is through use of coolants in gas turbine engines. These coolants are only effective in turbines that use gas for generating power. Pollution to the environment is reduced and it bec omes more effective to implement as compared to prior Tesla turbines materials. Conservation of the environment is a key issue that needs to be observed when inventing machines. Use of coolant is friendly and hence acceptable across the world due to its safety measures(Emran, 2011) Surface roughness Roughness is also playing an important role in lifting efficiency level. But very few specifications, I have seen where roughness is taken as an important parameter. If disk of a tesla motors has smooth surface will not allow the fluid for adhesion, hence efficiency will be decreased. This the resin behind making of disk by carbon fibre, this material has mirror surface finish, and directly using such material does enhance the performance of the turbine overall, to avoid this we are providing roughness in certain amount to the surface of carbon fibre material. This is applicable for steel material also, about roughness of 500ra is good enough for giving the efficiency boost up by 5%(Borate N, 2014). Increasing the weight of disk is giving one advantage that it gives moment to the output, but decreasing the weight of the disk provides several advantages. Designing the machine in a way that it weighs less is another finding that got positive impacts. This improves the efficiency brought about by less power needed to generate energy. Consumption of fuel is less costly thus becoming economical. Problems of wear and tear are minimized due to high speed of rotating disks. This then means an increasing working span of this light engine machine. Replacement of new parts caused by friction is reduced and this gives a competitive advantage to other machines that uses blades. The unique nature of it is admirable by many business people because it stands alone in the market sector with no competition from other inventions. (Sutherland-Cohen, 2016) Impact on Environment Most of the investigation does not succeed only due to the problem that its material is not environment friendly. Most people were worried about the effects this machine would bring on the environment. The health hazards accompanied with it posed much stress to individuals but invention of a bladeless machine relieved many. Most of the pollution was brought about by combustion of fuel inside the machine. Burning of fuel generated harmful emission which gave a challenge to scientists. They tried to carry out research aimed at identifying the main source of harmful emissions. Upon discovery of the loopholes, they further designed disks that were hollow at the centre. The vacuum was helpful since it was used as an entrance for coolants. Injection of coolants also reduces wear and tear caused by friction of moving parts. This is also another factor that makes the efficiency better. Injected fluids significantly increase speed resulting in less consumption of fuel and less emission in the environment (ONeil, 2010). Generation of electricity by combustion of coal in the modern world has led to more harm than good on the environment. Some of the hazards include air pollution brought by emission of gases. This however can be ratified by the use of this bladeless machine. Maintenance costs are adversely reduced with the application of such a machine and this can provide a useful breakthrough that is more efficient. Many scientists came to an agreement with these new inventions and gave suggestions of implementation. Keeping in mind that, human beings cannot live in an environment which is highly polluted and contaminated. Pollution affects the health of individuals thus the need for critical changes. It uses less fuel hence no emission coming from it when working. Occurrences that tend to interfere with the safety of surrounding human beings must be addressed drastically. The health of every individual is more important than any other factor since labour comes from people who need to be healthy and in good working conditions. ((FAIRALL, 2017) Our suggestion on material for disk We have taken several criteria for choosing the disk according to the best design and other parameter consideration, based on the above criteria, Exhaust design, no of disk, surface roughness weight and environmental impact, we can say that, the possible material for disk is nothing but plastic, The reason behind telling is that in todays world there are enormous research has been taken place on this material and its property had improved day by day. Even it is out of imagination that is there any place, where we cannot use plastic. Due to its enormous amount of variation in property by changing fraction in manufacturing process, this material has made place in every aspect of society. Initially plastic was regarded as environmental enemy, but continuous improvement in property of this material, it somehow it becomes environment friendly. Even in making engine of a car or design of propeller, plastic has taken place of cast steel and highly durable steel(Holland, 2015). The plastic used for making this blade is ABS-P430 (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). The property of this ABS plastic is that it has very high great resistance against impact, and its resistance to heat is also better than other material used for disk purpose. During experimenta Process, the various profile capacity was checked; some of the important feature will be described below. Process Parameter for Check for New Disk Fluid Vapor, Water liquid Exhaust boundary condition 0 gauge pressure Start method Hybrid Input type Inlet Velocity Frame of Reference Absolute Inlet velocity 50 m/s Outlet type Pressure-inlet Disk and blade type Moving wall (Pelton type) Disk motion Rotational Disk speed 2400 rpm Disk shear condition No slip Reporting interval 1 Profile update interval 1 iterations done 2300 Streamline 3d Start from Inlet Sampling Equally spaced # Of points 100 Table 1Process parameter for ABS-9430 disk, (Sources - Dave-2016) From the above table it is clear that, its property is nothing less that the material found in other type of disk. Base on the above parameter, its other specification can be calculated easily. The estimated velocity for this type of disk is about 28 m/sec, The volume of the disk is only 0.00254 m3 , and flow rate that can be obtained from this disk is about 0.6401 m3/s. Input power for the disk = 0.6401*100000 = 64.01 KW The out for this disk can be calculated as 22.4981 x 250 = 5624.52 Kw If there are six number of disk placed in this then its output power = 6 5624.52 = 33.747 KW If we know the input and output power then its efficiency can be calculated as = 33.747/64.01 = 53.229 % As per efficiency we can say that, it is of highest efficiency for any tesla motor which has disk. The main beauty of this disk is that its roughness can be altered by applying various tools. Going through further research it was found that mostly Tesla turbine, which has multiple disk are based on mechanism of energy transfer. The placement of exhaust hole on the disk is being placed just to centre of shaft, which makes churning tendency to the disk. The fluid has to find its own way itself. The output is only dependent on input pressure, in simple way; we can say that there is not path for fluid to gong outside. This makes the disk little bit inefficient(Joshi, 2016). The modified and altered turbines disk has spiral groove on its face which makes the fluid This shapes of this wheel is characterises as Pelton wheel, in this condition the force duration for fluid is increased and it provide more torque that other type of disk. The design of wheel made in such a way that the flow will be directed towards the exhaust port. And so the fluid will leave through the exhaust port(Khan, 2013). In addition one more modification was done in this motor is that the inlet consists of small holes near the disk, which directly point the gap between the disk, due to this reason, more centrifugal force is generated and as a result it gives more torque Miscellaneous issue Firstly, there is challenge of marketing Tesla turbine. The manner in which it was designed gives no room for further improvements or additions. This is because of its small size that weighs on average 4 kilograms. The velocity at which the rotors move is considerably high and this makes disks to expand interfering with their performance. With some deficiency, it exposed the Tesla turbine to risks that made users shy away from purchasing it for commercial purposes. High movement of disks caused a lot of wear and tear between material parts making the machine costly in the long run. The working life span reduced and it could not be used for a long period of time. Investors were not motivated with such disadvantages rendering it inefficient to market it globally. (Young, 2012) Secondly, there was discovery of a new model by warren which was more improved than Tesla. Warren came up with his new model of turbine after carrying out critical investigation to determine the effectiveness of Tesla and his own new invention. It was agreed that Warrens new version was more relevant as compared to the original turbine of Tesla (Seifer, 2008). Comparing the efficiency of Warrens model, more investors started using this new version posing a challenge to selling of Tesla turbine. It became easy to commercialize Warrens new turbine materials globally due to its high work rate and life span. This made selling of Tesla turbine to the outside continents hard. Lastly, the dependence of friction between turbine apartments makes it ineffective for use. Movement of parts in the centre generally does not generate high force of power. Low power generation makes turbine loss importance in performing tasks that require high volume of heat (Tesla, 2010). Tesla turbine materials need a lot of changes to make them work more effective according to the modern technological demands by investors. Some of the alterations include; elevation of turbines on raised posts. This alteration will mean that turbine movement will no longer depend on generated power. They will have to be driven by wind available in the surrounding. Wind is a free good given by God hence making everything cheaper and economical. Spaces in between the machine enable free inward flow of environmental air which accumulates inside and rotates the disks at a high velocity. Originally, Tesla turbine used power to generate mechanical energy which was costly. Use of wind becomes less costly in changing of wind to mechanical power. It will be now efficiency to use wind energy as compared to Tesla turbines sources (Ferzak, 2010). The rate at which fluids flows will be more as compared to the previous speed at which fluids pumped in secondly, is through making of obsolete use of blades in generating of power. When the turbines are bladeless, costs related to their maintenance lowers by a greater percentage. It makes all activities cheaper including maintenance. All that is required is elevation of turbines higher for full access to flowing wind in the environment. Once that is done, a source of power for instance a generator can be installed at the bottom of the post that will help in maintenance of the turbines. (Stevens, 2013) This reduces the monotony of a person climbing on the posts at intervals. Protection of these elevated turbines in an enclosed place prevents harmful conducts with air based creatures like birds. Thirdly, is through use of coolants in gas turbine engines. These coolants are only effective in turbines that use gas for generating power. Pollution to the environment is reduced and it beco mes more effective to implement as compared to prior Tesla turbines materials. Conservation of the environment is a key issue that needs to be observed when inventing machines. Use of coolant is friendly and hence acceptable across the world due to its safety measures (Eisen, 2011). Conclusion From the analysis of different literature and analysing the different aspect of Tesla Motor and its blade, it can be concluded that, there are thousands of improvement has been taken place and still there are lot of requirement which is to be fulfilled to increase the efficiency of tesla turbine, starting wood to implementation of carbon fibre in blade and casing, millions types of material has been tested, the result is efficiency of tesla motors have been improved far more than when it was discovered, but still we are under 60% of efficiency. Still we have to go for another point of view for taking its efficiency much higher. Making of Tesla turbine disk with ABS material is good option, but it only for smaller pump. As the time proceed, various the new material will become available for replacing the ABS and carbon fibre for tesla turbine disk purposes. The various ways of making the turbines effective and or efficient has also been realized in the research. It has also been found out than the Tesla turbine has got various advantages. Another realization the research is that despite improved rotating disks having numerous advantages it also has got a consequence and how to overcome the consequence is also realized. Last but not least, the various applications of the Tesla turbine have also been realized. These findings clearly show how beneficial is the Tesla turbine and therefore the need to improve it. A great consideration is supposed to be given in the improvement of turbine materials. Due to the key importance of the machine, significant alterations to the system will help greatly for the efficiency of the turbine. The useful amendments performed on Tesla turbines materials helps a lot ranging from operational costs to labour costs. References Borate N, . M. (2014). An Effect of Surface Finish and Spacing between Discs. Sveris, 1-7. Cheney, M. (2012). Tesla, Man out of time. Manufacuting technology, 1-12. Churai, A. R. (2015). A review of tesla turbine. ijmet, 1-4. Dave, T. (2016). Tesla motor with carbon fibre. International Journal of Scientific Engineering Research, 1-12. Emran, T. (2011). TESLA TURBINE TORQUE MODELING. Texas Tech, 1-92. FAIRALL, E. (2017). Design consideration for high surface speed and high load switched reluctance machines. McMaster, 1-205. Guha, H. a. (2009). The design of a test rig and study of the performance and efficiency of a Tesla disc turbine. Journal of Power and Energy, 1(1), 451-455. Holland, K. (2015). Design, construction and testing of a Tesla Turbine. Natural Resources Engineering, 1-185. Joo Batista, F. D. (2015). Testla turbine revisited. research Gate, 1-7. Joshi, K. (2016). Hybrid Tesla Pelton Wheel Turbine. International Journal of Scientific Engineering Research, 7(9), 1-6. Khan, U. (2013). Modern improved and effective design of boundary layer turbine for robust control and efficient production of green energy. Univesity College of Engineering and Technology, 1-7. Nell, J. O. (2010). Prodigal genius: The life of Tesla Motor. Ancient wisdom, 1-42. Qamar, Z. Q. (2016). Design and Analysis of Prototype Tesla Turbine for Power Generation Applications. Technical Journal, University of Engineering and Technology, 21(11), 1-6. Reddy, S. . (2017). Study and Design of Bladeless Tesla Turbine. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 12(5), 1-10. Sanghvi, M. (2016). Desgin and material selection in disk. International Journal of Scientific Engineering Research, 8(7), 1-8. Klein, M. (2010). The power makers: Steam, electricity, and the men who invented modern America. New York: Bloomsbury Press. Krishnan, V. G. (2015). Design and Fabrication of cm-scale Tesla Turbines. Berkeley, CA. Leaman, A. B. (2010). The design, construction and investigation of a Tesla turbine. College Park, Md.. Milton, R. (2014). Forbidden science: Suppressed research that could change our lives. London: Fourth Estate. O'Neill, J. J. (2010). Prodigal genius: The life of Nikola Tesla. Charleston, S.C: Ancient Wisdom. Peshlakai, A. (2012). Challenging the versatility of the Tesla turbine: Working fluid variations and turbine performance. Rice, J. D. (2014). Steam stirling: Engines you can build : book 2. Traverse City, Mich: Village Press. Romanin, V. D. (2012). Theory and Performance of Tesla Turbines. Berkeley, CA. Seifer, M. J. (2008). Wizard: The life and times of Nikola Tesla : biography of a genius. New York: Kensington Publishing Corp. Stevens, H. (2013). Hitler's flying saucers: A guide to German flying discs of the Second World War. Kempton, Ill: Adventures Unlimited Press.